![]() Three-quarters of the Tao Te Ching rhymes, "according to.reconstructed phonetic values of Ancient Chinese." Third, Laozi was the grand historian and astrologer Lao Dan ( 老聃), who lived during the reign (384–362 BC) of Duke Xian of Qin ( 秦獻公). In the second story, Laozi, also a contemporary of Confucius, was Lao Laizi ( 老莱子), who wrote a book in 15 parts. He was an official in the imperial archives, and wrote a book in two parts before departing to the West at the request of the keeper of the Han-ku Pass, Yinxi, Laozi composed the Tao Te Ching. His surname was Li ( 李), and his personal name was Er ( 耳) or Dan ( 聃). In the first, Laozi was a contemporary of Confucius (551–479 BC). 145–86 BC), which combines three stories. Chan 1963:35–37), by Chinese historian Sima Qian ( c. The first reliable reference to Laozi is his "biography" in the Records of the Grand Historian (63, tr. His name, which means "Old Master", has only fuelled controversy on this issue. The Tao Te Ching is ascribed to Laozi, whose historical existence has been a matter of scholarly debate. Mair thought that Taoists in the early history of the faith had positive "cultural relations" with Hindu groups and that the Tao Te Ching was written in reaction to Indian philosophy and that the author(s) viewed Brahman as being the same as Tao. The Chinese characters in the original versions were probably written in zhuànshū (篆書 seal script), while later versions were written in lìshū (隸書 clerical script) and kǎishū (楷書 regular script) styles. The first of these strategies creates memorable phrases, while the second forces the reader to reconcile supposed contradictions. The rhetorical style combines two major strategies: short, declarative statements and intentional contradictions. The ideas are singular the style is poetic. The written style is laconic, has few grammatical particles, and encourages varied, contradictory interpretations. It has two parts, the Tao Ching ( 道經 chapters 1–37) and the Te Ching ( 德經 chapters 38–81), which may have been edited together into the received text, possibly reversed from an original Te Tao Ching. There is some evidence that the chapter divisions were later additions-for commentary, or as aids to rote memorisation-and that the original text was more fluidly organised. ![]() The Tao Te Ching is a text of around 5,000 Chinese characters in 81 brief chapters or sections ( 章). Known versions and commentaries date back two millennia, including ancient bamboo, silk, and paper manuscripts discovered in the twentieth century. The Tao Te Ching has a long and complex textual history. Other titles of the work include the honorific " Sutra (or "Perfect Scripture") of the Way and Its Power" ( Daode Zhenjing) and the descriptive "5,000- Character Classic" ( Wuqian Wen). The title "Daodejing", with its status as a classic, was only first applied from the reign of Emperor Jing of Han (157–141 BC) onward. As such, the Tao Te Ching is also sometimes referred to as the Laozi, especially in Chinese sources. Īncient Chinese books were commonly referenced by the name of their real or supposed author, in this case the "Old Master", Laozi. The Tao Te Ching can be translated as The Classic of the Way and its Power, The Book of the Tao and Its Virtue, The Book of the Way and of Virtue, The Tao and its Characteristics, The Canon of Reason and Virtue, The Classic Book of Integrity and the Way, or A Treatise on the Principle and Its Action. In English, the title is commonly rendered Tao Te Ching / ˌ t aʊ t iː ˈ tʃ ɪ ŋ/, following Wade–Giles romanisation, or Dao De Jing / ˌ d aʊ d ɛ ˈ dʒ ɪ ŋ/, following pinyin. It is one of the most translated texts in world literature. Its influence has spread widely within the globe's artistic and academic spheres. Many artists, including poets, painters, calligraphers, and gardeners, have used the Tao Te Ching as a source of inspiration. It also strongly influenced other schools of Chinese philosophy and religion, including Legalism, Confucianism, and Chinese Buddhism, which was largely interpreted through the use of Taoist words and concepts when it was originally introduced to China. The Tao Te Ching, along with the Zhuangzi, is a fundamental text for both philosophical and religious Taoism. The oldest excavated portion dates back to the late 4th century BC, but modern scholarship dates other parts of the text as having been written-or at least compiled-later than the earliest portions of the Zhuangzi. ![]() ![]() The Tao Te Ching ( UK: / ˌ t aʊ t iː ˈ tʃ ɪ ŋ/, US: / ˌ d aʊ d ɛ ˈ dʒ ɪ ŋ/ simplified Chinese: 道德经 traditional Chinese: 道德經 pinyin: Dàodé Jīng ⓘ) is a Chinese classic text and foundational work of Taoism written around 400 BC and traditionally credited to the sage Laozi, though the text's authorship, date of composition and date of compilation are debated. ![]()
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |